RESEARCH
Significant research has been completed over the past several decades demonstrating the usefulness and benefits of the Digital BioScan+ and the tests completed during patient assessments. The table below describes the clinical validation including sensitivity and specificity for each of the test completed by the Digital BioScan+.
The links below provide several clinical studies and peer reviews completed by medical schools, researchers and many respected clinicians in the areas of autonomic nervous system and cardiovascular dysfunction.
Autonomic Testing
(Neurologic)
Autonomic Testing
(Neurologic)
AAN: Clinical Autonomic Testing
HRV Guidelines
HRV and Inflammation
HRV and Diabetes
HRV CRP
HRV study 1
HRV study 2
Ewing Test
Cardiac Autonomic Neuropathy
ANS Neurology Paper
Endothelial and ANS functions
Neuropathies
Small fiber Neuropathy
Diabetes Autonomic Neuropathy
Diabetic Neuropathy
SFN: Low et al 2006
Sudomotor Function Study
Sweat Gland Function
Cardiac & Vascular
Testing
Digital Pulse Contour Analysis
ABI with CAD: Park et al 2013
ABI PWV: Chung et al 2015
ABI PWV with Cardiovascular Events
Endothelium Function Study
SDPTG study 1
SDPTG study 2
PTG Measurements
Framingham Heart Study with PWV
Clinical Application PTG
Diabetic Care Peripheral Artery
Additional Research
1. American Diabetes Association and American Academy of Neurology. Consensus statement: report and recommendations of the San Antonio Conferenceon Diabetic Neuropathy. Diabetes Care 1988; 11: 592–597.
2. Tesfaye S, Boulton AJ, Dyck PJ, et al.Diabetic neuropathies: update on definitions,diagnostic criteria, estimation of severity, and treatments. Diabetes Care 2010; 33: 2285–2293.
3. Ziegler D, Gries FA, Muhlen H, et al.Prevalence and clinical correlates of cardiovascularautonomic and peripheral diabetic neuropathy in patients attending diabetes centers. Diabetes Metab 1993; 19: 143–151.
4. Valensi P, Paries J, Attali JR; French Group for Research and Study of Diabetic Neuropathy. Cardiac autonomic neuropathy in diabetic patients:influence of diabetes duration, obesity, and microangiopathic complications– the French multicenter study.Metabolism 2003; 52: 815–820.
5. Low PA, Benrud-Larson LM, Sletten DM, et al. Autonomic symptoms and diabetic neuropathy: a population-based study.Diabetes Care 2004; 27: 2942–2947.
6. Pop-Busui R, Low PA, Waberski BH,et al. Effects of prior intensive insulintherapy on cardiac autonomic nervous system function in type 1 diabetes mellitus: the Diabetes Control and Complications.Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes.Interventions and Complications study (DCCT/EDIC). Circulation 2009; 119: 2886–2893.
7. Ewing DJ, Martyn CN, Young RJ,Clarke BF. The value of cardiovascular autonomic function tests: 10 years experience in diabetes. Diabetes Care 1985; 8: 491–498.
8. Kempler P, Tesfaye S, Chaturvedi N, et al. Blood pressure response to standing in the diagnosis of autonomic neuropathy: the EURODIAB IDDM Complications Study. Arch Physiol Biochem 2001; 109: 215–222.
9. Maser RE, Mitchell BD, Vinik AI, Freeman R. The association between cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy and mortality in individuals with diabetes: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Care 2003; 26:1895–1901.
10. Wheeler SG, Ahroni JH, Boyko EJ. Prospective study of autonomic neuropathy as a predictor of mortality inpatients with diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2002; 58: 131–138.
11. Astrup AS, Tarnow L, Rossing P, Hansen BV, Hilsted J, Parving HH. Cardiac autonomic neuropathy predicts cardiovascularmorbidity and mortality intype 1 diabetic patients with diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes Care 2006; 29: 334–339.
12. Wackers FJ, Young LH, Inzucchi SE, et al. Detection of silent myocardial ischemia in asymptomatic diabetic subjects: the DIAD study. Diabetes Care2004; 27: 1954–1961.
13. Valensi P, Sachs RN, Harfouche B, et al.Predictive value of cardiac autonomic neuropathy in diabetic patients with or without silent myocardial ischemia. DiabetesCare 2001; 24: 339–343.
14. Ryden L, Standl E, Bartnik M, et al.Guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes,and cardiovascular diseases: executivesummary. The Task Force on Diabetes and Cardiovascular Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)and of the European Association for theStudy of Diabetes (EASD). Eur Heart J.2007; 28: 88–136.
15. Millasseau SC et al. Determination of age-related increases in large artery stiffness by digital pulse contour analysis. Clinical Science (2002) 103, 371±377.
16. Takazawa, K et al. Assessment of Vasoactive Agents and Vascular Aging by the Second Derivative of Photoplethysmogram Waveform. Hypertension: Volume 32(2) August 1998pp 365-370
17. Bagherzadeh et al. Association of cardiac autonomic neuropathy with endothelial dysfunction in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders 2013, 12:55
18. Dimitropoulos G, Tahrani AA, Stevens MJ. Cardiac autonomic neuropathy in patients with diabetes mellitus. World J Diabetes 2014 February 15; 5(1): 17-39.
19. Spallone V.et al.. Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy in diabetes: clinical impact, assessment, diagnosis, and management .Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2011; 27: 639–653.
20. Jae-Seung Yun et al. Cardiovascular Autonomic Dysfunction Predicts Severe Hypoglycemia in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A 10-Year Follow-up Study. Diabetes Care Volume 37, January 2014
21. ACCORD study publication. NIH news
22. Ben M.W. Illigens, Christopher H. Gibbons. Sweat testing to evaluate autonomic function Clin Auton. Res. 2009 April; 19(2): 79–87.
23. Aboyans V. et al. Measurement and Interpretation of the Ankle-Brachial Index: A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation, November 2012.